As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning is concerned with the design and development of algorithms and 

techniques that allow computers to "learn". At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive.Inductive machine learning methods extract rules and patterns out of massive data sets.

The major focus of machine learning research is to extract information from data automatically, by computational and statistical methods. Hence, machine learning is closely related to data mining and statistics but also theoretical computer science.

Machine learning has a wide spectrum of applications including natural language processing, syntactic pattern recognition, search engines, medical diagnosis, bioinformatics and cheminformatics, detecting credit card fraud, stock market analysis, classifying DNA sequences, speech and handwriting recognition, recognition in computer vision, game playing and robot locomotion

 Algorithm types

Machine learning algorithms are organized into a taxonomy, based on the desired outcome of the algorithm. Common algorithm types include:

• Supervised learning — in which the algorithm generates a function that maps inputs to desired outputs. One standard formulation of the supervised learning task is the classification problem: the learner is required to learn (to approximate) the behavior of a function which maps a vector into one of several classes by looking at several input-output examples of the function.
• Unsupervised learning — which models a set of inputs: labeled examples are not available.
• Semi-supervised learning — which combines both labeled and unlabeled examples to generate an appropriate function or classifier.
• Reinforcement learning — in which the algorithm learns a policy of how to act given an observation of the world. Every action has some impact in the environment, and the environment provides feedback that guides the learning algorithm.
• Transduction — similar to supervised learning, but does not explicitly construct a function: instead, tries to predict new outputs based on training inputs, training outputs, and test inputs which are available while training.
• Learning to learn — in which the algorithm learns its own inductive bias based on previous experience.

The computational analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical computer science known as computational learning theory.

Machine learning topics

This list represents the topics covered on a typical machine learning course.